含氮、磷、钾吸水保水剂的合成与性能研究

采用自由基聚合法,以过硫酸钾为引发剂,磷酸酯淀粉与丙烯酸钠和丙烯酸钾进行接枝共聚,合成了含磷、钾的高吸水树脂;磷酸酯淀粉与低中和度的丙烯酸接枝共聚合成的高吸水树脂用氨水浸泡,自然凉干得到含氮、磷、钾的高吸水树脂,详细考察了丙烯酸的中和度对吸水保水剂吸液性能的影响。通过实验得到了合成该吸水保水剂的适宜条件。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土壤水资源平衡利用与生态植被可持续发展

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区林草植被建设对控制水土流失和农业可持续发展具有双重意义。但是,大量资 料表明,黄土高原丘陵沟壑区林地和草地土壤水分严重亏缺,林草植被对土壤水资源的过度利用必将产生严 重后果,笔者强调生态植被建设须坚持土壤水资源平衡利用原则。在对土壤水量收入和支出诸因素分析的基 础上,指出采取拦蓄降水、降水高效叠加利用、覆盖保墒和减少植被蒸腾等途径及措施,以实现土壤水资源平 衡利用。提出林地降水高效叠加利用技术的思路及研究解决办法;研究建立植物蒸腾耗水量评价指标体系, 为筛选节水植物种类或种提供科学依据;植被蒸腾量的调控,根据叶面积指数与土壤耗水量的关系,在土壤水 资源平衡利用的原则下,确定其盖度和种植密度,后期通过控制树冠、适度疏枝、合理平茬(刈割)等进一步加 以调节。     

原发性肾病综合征并发急性肾功能衰竭的临床与病理分析

目的；观察原发性肾病综合征(iNS)并发急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的临床与病理。方法：对42例iNS并发ARF患者临床和病理改变进行分析。结果：iNS并发ARF的发生率为5．87％，临床上以少尿型为主(78．6％)．起病均在iNS的急性期。42例患者临床表现为大量蛋白尿、高度水肿，病程中无明显诱因出现少尿，尿素氮与血清肌酐增高。肾脏病理检查肾小球以轻微改变为主，其中微小病变型16例．轻度系膜增生型肾炎2l例；肾小管间质的病变却表现为广泛肾间质水肿及小管上皮细胞灶性坏死。经利尿、强的松等治疗后，36例患者肾功能逐渐恢复正常。结论：iINS并发ARF多发生于肾小球轻微改变者；尽早明确iNS并发ARF，并给予适当治疗，绝大多数患者肾功能可以恢复。     

两种吡虫啉种衣剂在棉花和土壤中的残留动态研究

采用田间试验方法，研究了两种吡虫啉种衣剂在棉花和土壤中的残留消解动态，并对其在棉花上使用的安全性作出了评价。结果表明，两种吡虫啉种衣剂无论在棉株中或土壤中消解动态没有显著差异，其消解速度相当缓慢，有较长的药效。试验还表明，无论是推荐药量还是加倍药量．在正常使用条件下，都不会造成棉子残毒污染和土壤的残留积累。     

Measurements of the stratospheric plume from the mount st. Helens eruption: radioactivity and chemical composition

Gas measurements made in the stratospheric plume from the eruption of Mount St. Helens on 18 May 1980 were not consistent with a reported large injection of radon-222 into the atmosphere. No enrichment in the volatile element polonium was found in filter samples, and the ratio of polonium-210 to lead-210 was not different from background values. Data obtained with an experimental impactor, flown shortly after the eruption, showed an increase of 10(3) in the stratospheric number concentration of submicrometer sulfate particles compared to concentrations before the eruption.     

辅酶Q10污泥施用对作物和土壤效应的研究

为了探索辅酶Q10污泥施用对土壤和作物的影响,以玉米为供试作物,进行了不同用量污泥施用及与单施化肥对比的田间试验。结果表明,污泥施用增加了玉米的株高,400kg/667m2施肥量比空白区平均增加14cm,比单施化肥区平均增加6.5cm;400kg/667m2施肥量比空白区增产10%~15%,达到差异显著水平,与单施化肥区无显著差异;施用污泥与空白区相比,玉米籽粒蛋白质、脂肪和淀粉含量均有所提高,与单施化肥相比,污泥对提高籽粒蛋白质含量的作用更明显;污泥施用后对提高土壤中磷的作用最大,其次为氮,对有机质和钾的影响微乎其微,对土壤的p H值没有影响。辅酶Q10污泥施用对玉米生长、产量形成和品质均具有良好的效应,同时能够起到培肥土壤的作用。     

A collagen dysplasia in a greyhound bitch

A 10-month-old greyhound bitch was referred to the Massey University Small Animal Clinic in January 1979, with a history of frequently occurring skin lacerations, especially of the feet and limbs. Clinical findings included multiple skin scars, lacerations and hyperextensibility of the skin.

Investigations showed an increased extensibility index of the skin and a sevenfold reduction in its tensile strength, as compared with that of a normal greyhound. On light microscopy dermal collagen fibres appeared to be slightly decreased in density and more whorled in appearance than that of normal sections. Electron microscopy showed dermal collagen fibrils and bundles which were largely normal, but areas could be found, in the papillary layer of the dermis, where malformed fibrils were prominent, and other areas showed disorganisation of fibrillar packing.

These findings indicated that this bitch had features of a collagen fibrillogenesis disorder similar to some of those described in the various forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in man, and cats and mink. Whether the disease is inherited in the greyhound breed has not yet been determined.     

Partitioning of etofenprox under simulated California rice‐growing conditions

BACKGROUND: The pyrethroid insecticide etofenprox is of current interest to rice farmers in the Sacramento Valley owing to its effectiveness against the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel. This study aimed to describe the partitioning of etofenprox under simulated rice field conditions by determining its Henry's law constant (H) (an estimate of volatilization) and organic carbon‐normalized soil–water distribution coefficient (K_oc) at representative field temperatures. A comparison of etofenprox and λ‐cyhalothrin is presented using a level‐1 fugacity model. RESULTS: Experimental determination of H revealed that etofenprox partitioned onto the apparatus walls and did not significantly volatilize; the maximum value of H was estimated to be 6.81 × 10^?1 Pa m³ mol^?1 at 25 °C, based on its air and water method detection limits. Calculated values for H ranged from 5.6 × 10^?3 Pa m³ mol^?1 at 5 °C to 2.9 × 10^?1 Pa m³ mol^?1 at 40 °C, based on estimated solubility and vapor pressure values at various temperatures. Log K_oc values (at 25 °C) were experimentally determined to be 6.0 and 6.4 for Princeton and Richvale rice field soils, respectively, and were very similar to the values for other pyrethroids. Finally, temperature appears to have little influence on etofenprox sorption, as the log K_oc for the Princeton soil at 35 °C was 6.1. CONCLUSION: High sorption coefficients and relatively insignificant desorption and volatilization of etofenprox suggest that its insolubility drives it to partition from water by sorbing to soils with high affinity. Offsite movement is unlikely unless transported in a bound state on suspended sediments. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

阿拉善荒漠草地8种牧草营养物质季节动态及营养均衡价评价

探讨了阿拉善荒漠草地珍珠柴(Salsola passerina)、霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylon)、红砂(Reaumuria soon-gorica)、绵刺(Potaninia mongolica)、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、盐爪爪(Kalidium foliatum)、沙鞭(Psammochloavillosa)和牛心朴子(Cynanchum komarovii)8种牧草营养物质含量的季节动态,并以粗蛋白质对其营养均衡价进行了比较。结果表明:8种牧草的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、无氮浸出物、钙含量和钙磷比随着牧草的生长期呈先增加后降低的趋势,粗蛋白质含量6月最高,为7.86%~19.18%,1月最低,为5.25%~9.24%;粗脂肪、无氮浸出物、钙含量及钙磷比分别为0.81%~9.63%,26.19%~52.58%,0.12%~1.93%和0.86%~16.00%。粗纤维含量随植物生长呈降低趋势,且8种牧草的含量差异性较大,范围为9.56%~43.01%;粗灰分含量随生长期没有明显的季节动态规律;磷含量随牧草的生长而降低,范围0.04%~0.20%。牧草营养均衡价的评价表明:8种牧草营养均衡价(NB)依次为:梭梭绵刺珍珠柴霸王红砂盐爪爪牛心朴子沙鞭。     

Limited impacts of extensive human land use on dominance,specialization, and biotic homogenization in boreal plant communities

Background

Niche theory predicts that human disturbance should influence the assembly of communities, favouring functionally homogeneous communities dominated by few but widespread generalists. The decline and loss of specialists leaves communities with species that are functionally more similar. Evenness of species occupancy declines, such that species become either widespread of rare. These patterns have often been observed, but it is unclear if they are a general result of human disturbance or specific to communities that are rich in species, in complex, spatially heterogeneous environments where the problem has often been investigated. We therefore tested whether human disturbance impacts dominance/evenness of species occupancy in communities, specialism/generalism of species, and functional biotic homogenization in the spatially relatively homogeneous, species poor boreal forest region of Alberta, Canada. We investigated 371 boreal vascular plant communities varying 0 – 100% in proportion of human land use.

Results

Rank species occupancy curves revealed high species dominance regardless of disturbance: within any disturbance class a few species occupied nearly every site and most species were found in a low proportion of sites. However, species were more widespread and displayed more even occupancy in intermediately disturbed communities than among communities of either low or high disturbance. We defined specialists and generalists based on turnover in co-occupants and thereby assessed impacts of human disturbance on specialization of species and community homogenization. Generalists were not disproportionately found at higher disturbance sites, and did not occupy more sites. Communities with greater human disturbance were not more functionally homogeneous; they did not harbor communities with more generalists.

Conclusions

We unexpectedly did not observe strong linkages between species specialism/generalism and disturbance, nor between community homogenization and disturbance. These results contrast previous findings in more species rich, complex or spatially heterogeneous systems and ecological models. We suggest that broad occupancy-based intercommunity patterns are insensitive to human land use extent in boreal vascular plants, perhaps because of ubiquity of generalists, low species richness, and history of natural disturbance. The poor sensitivity of these metrics to disturbance presents challenges for monitoring and managing impacts to biodiversity in this region.